-(으)려니와
it will no doubt be …, and moreover
Supposes something and adds a second point in the same breath. It is -거니와 with an assumption folded in — and the most literary ending on this level.
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When to use it
Vowel stems take -려니와, consonant stems -으려니와, and stems in ㄹ take -려니와 with the ㄹ intact: 만들려니와.
The difference from -거니와 is certainty. -거니와 asserts a fact; -(으)려니와 supposes one. 힘들려니와 means “it will presumably be hard, and…”
As with the other additive endings, both halves must point the same way, and the second clause usually carries 도.
The register is very high — literary essays, formal addresses, older prose. Learners will meet it in reading far more often than they will need to produce it.
How to attach it
| Stem type | Form | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Ends in a vowel | -려니와 | 가다 → 가려니와 |
| Ends in a consonant | -으려니와 | 좋다 → 좋으려니와 |
| Ends in ㄹ | -려니와, ㄹ stays | 힘들다 → 힘들려니와 |
| Meaning | supposition + addition | presumably X, and also Y |
| Asserting a fact | -거니와 | 뛰어나거니와 |
| Register | literary | reading more than speaking |
In use
그 일은 힘들려니와 시간도 오래 걸릴 것이다.
The work will no doubt be hard, and take a long time besides.
비용도 많이 들려니와 결과도 장담하기 어렵다.
It will presumably cost a great deal, and the outcome is hard to guarantee.
준비도 부족하려니와 인원마저 모자란다.
Preparation is doubtless lacking, and we are short-handed as well.
그도 오려니와 다른 사람들도 함께 올 것이다.
He will presumably come, and the others with him.
직접 만들려니와 재료 구하기도 쉽지 않을 것이다.
They will make it themselves, no doubt, and the ingredients will not be easy to find.
말하기도 어려우려니와 듣는 이도 편치 않을 것이다.
It will be hard to say, and no easier to hear.
Compared with
-거니와
The pair to learn together. -거니와 asserts; -(으)려니와 supposes. Everything else about them matches.
뛰어나거니와 (it is outstanding) / 힘들려니와 (it will presumably be hard)
-(으)ㄹ 것이다
것이다 states a supposition on its own; -(으)려니와 states one while adding a second point in the same clause.
힘들 거예요. (it’ll be hard) / 힘들려니와 시간도 걸린다. (hard, and slow besides)
-(으)ㄹ뿐더러
뿐더러 adds facts; -(으)려니와 adds suppositions. Both are written, but only one hedges.
쌀뿐더러 (it is cheap, and) / 힘들려니와 (it will be hard, and)
Watch out
어제 그 일은 힘들려니와 시간도 걸렸다.
어제 그 일은 힘들었거니와 시간도 걸렸다.
-(으)려니와 supposes something not yet established. For a completed fact, -거니와 is correct.
직접 만들으려니와 재료도 구해야 한다.
직접 만들려니와 재료도 구해야 한다.
A stem ending in ㄹ takes -려니와 directly, as with -(으)면 and -(으)며.
야, 그거 힘들려니와 비싸.
야, 그거 힘든 데다가 비싸.
This is high literary register. In conversation it sounds like a line from an old novel.
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