TOPIK II · Level 5

-을/를 불문하고

regardless of, irrespective of

Sets a distinction aside as irrelevant. Nearly interchangeable with -을/를 막론하고, and worth learning as a pair.

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    이유+-을/를 불문하고

    nounparticle

    When to use it

    The particle follows the usual rule: consonant-final nouns take 을, vowel-final ones 를. 불문하다 means “not to ask” — the distinction is not even inquired into.

    It takes nouns only, and favours ones that already name a division: 이유, 국적, 남녀, 시기, 장소.

    Against 막론하고 the difference is slight. 막론하고 leans toward “without discussing them one by one”; 불문하고 toward “without asking at all.” In practice either fits most sentences, though 불문하고 is a shade more common in rules and conditions.

    The register is formal and written. In speech, 상관없이 does the job.

    How to attach it

    Noun typeFormExample
    Ends in a consonant을 불문하고국적을 불문하고
    Ends in a vowel를 불문하고이유를 불문하고
    Paired nounscommon choice남녀를 불문하고
    Particle required을/를이유 불문하고 is informal
    Near-synonym-을/를 막론하고이유를 막론하고
    Spoken version-에 상관없이나이에 상관없이

    In use

    1. 이유를 불문하고 지각은 결석으로 처리됩니다.

      Whatever the reason, lateness is recorded as absence.

    2. 국적을 불문하고 누구나 지원할 수 있습니다.

      Anyone may apply, irrespective of nationality.

    3. 시기를 불문하고 언제든 신청이 가능합니다.

      Applications are accepted at any time of year.

    4. 남녀를 불문하고 같은 기준이 적용된다.

      The same criteria apply regardless of sex.

    5. 방법을 불문하고 결과만 좋으면 된다는 태도는 위험하다.

      The attitude that any means will do so long as the result is good is a dangerous one.

    6. 장소를 불문하고 흡연은 금지되어 있습니다.

      Smoking is prohibited everywhere without exception.

    Compared with

    • -을/를 막론하고

      Near-identical. 막론하고 suggests not going through the cases one by one; 불문하고 suggests not asking in the first place. Rules and regulations tend to prefer 불문하고.

      남녀노소를 막론하고  /  이유를 불문하고

    • -에 상관없이

      Same meaning, everyday register. 상관없이 works in speech; 불문하고 marks a formal document.

      나이에 상관없이 (speech)  /  국적을 불문하고 (regulation)

    • -더라도

      -더라도 supposes one extreme case; 불문하고 dismisses a whole category at once.

      아무리 바쁘더라도 (however busy)  /  이유를 불문하고 (whatever the reason)

    Watch out

    • 바쁜 것을 불문하고 참석해야 합니다.

      아무리 바쁘더라도 참석해야 합니다.

      불문하고 takes a noun naming a category. A clause about being busy needs a concessive ending.

    • 국적 불문하고 지원할 수 있습니다. — in a formal notice

      국적을 불문하고 지원할 수 있습니다.

      The particle is expected in writing. The bare form appears in headlines and casual speech only.

    • 야, 이유 불문하고 그냥 와.

      야, 이유가 뭐든 그냥 와.

      불문하고 is regulation language. In conversation it sounds like reading from a rulebook.

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