-거니와
not only that, and moreover
Adds a second point in a decidedly literary register. It joins the family of additive endings alongside -(으)ㄹ뿐더러 and -는 데다가.
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When to use it
Attach -거니와 to any stem — no vowel rule, ㄹ stays, and tense may appear in front: 했거니와.
Both halves must point the same way, and the second clause usually carries 도: 품질도 뛰어나거니와 가격도 합리적이다.
The register is the highest of the additive endings — formal writing, editorials, speeches. In conversation it sounds archaic.
Keep it apart from -(으)려니와, which looks similar but expresses supposition: 힘들려니와 means “it will presumably be hard, and…”
How to attach it
| Situation | Form | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Any verb or adjective | -거니와 | 뛰어나다 → 뛰어나거니와 |
| ㄹ stems keep the ㄹ | -거니와 | 만들거니와 |
| Past | -았/었거니와 | 했거니와 |
| Second clause | usually takes 도 | 가격도 합리적이다 |
| Both halves | same direction | a contrast needs -지만 |
| Supposition instead | -(으)려니와 | 힘들려니와 |
In use
품질도 뛰어나거니와 가격도 합리적이다.
The quality is outstanding, and the price is reasonable besides.
그는 학식이 깊거니와 인품도 훌륭하다.
He is deeply learned, and a fine character with it.
시간도 부족했거니와 예산마저 넉넉지 않았다.
Time was short, and the budget was hardly generous either.
이 방법은 간단하거니와 효과도 확실하다.
This method is simple, and reliably effective too.
직접 만들거니와 재료까지 엄선한다.
They make it themselves, and select the ingredients with care besides.
말할 것도 없거니와 이미 다들 알고 있다.
It goes without saying, and everyone knows it already.
Compared with
-(으)ㄹ뿐더러
Both are written additive endings. 뿐더러 attaches to the ㄹ modifier form; 거니와 attaches to the plain stem and sounds older still.
뛰어날뿐더러 / 뛰어나거니와
-(으)ㄴ/는 데다가
Four registers for one job: -는 데다가 in speech, 뿐만 아니라 in formal use, -뿐더러 in writing, -거니와 in the most literary writing of all.
뛰어난 데다가 (speech) / 뛰어나거니와 (editorial)
-(으)려니와
Similar shape, different job. -(으)려니와 supposes something rather than asserting it.
뛰어나거니와 (it is outstanding, and) / 힘들려니와 (it will be hard, and)
Watch out
품질도 뛰어나거니와 가격이 비싸다.
품질은 뛰어나지만 가격이 비싸다.
Both halves have to point the same way. A contradicting second clause needs -지만.
야, 이거 맛있거니와 싸.
야, 이거 맛있는 데다가 싸.
-거니와 is literary. In casual speech it sounds like a line from a classical text.
시간도 부족하거니와 예산도 없었다.
시간도 부족했거니와 예산도 없었다.
Unlike -기 and -도록, this ending does take tense, and the past clause needs it to match.
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